Government must set itself more challenging targets on social mobility, new research suggests

Policymakers must focus on getting disadvantaged pupils’ performance above the average in order to improve social mobility, suggests a new study published by the Institute of Education (IOE), University of London.

It is well known that a good education can improve a person’s chances in the labour market. However, in an increasingly competitive environment, those candidates with above-average grades and qualifications are most likely to land the top jobs.

Researchers from the IOE and University of Surrey analysed information on the educational attainment of English children born between 1958 and 2000. They found that while disadvantaged pupils today are more likely to reach the expected levels than in the 1960s, their likelihood of being among the high achievers has remained consistently low for the past 50 years.

Encouragingly, educational opportunities for all children grew dramatically in the second half of the 20th century. Less than 14 per cent of pupils born in 1958 obtained the equivalent of at least one A-level, compared to nearly 50 per cent of those born in 1990. The proportion of children who go on to university has risen from just ten per cent of those born in 1958, to 34 per cent of those born in 1991.

The gap between the most and least advantaged pupils who achieve these standard levels of education has also narrowed over time. This is largely due to the attainment of the most deprived children improving at a faster rate than for those from the most affluent families.

However, deprived pupils are no closer to achieving the qualifications that will secure them a strong competitive advantage in today’s labour market.

Researchers found that the least deprived children remain twice as likely as the most deprived to achieve A*-B in three or more A-level subjects that appeal to universities, such as English, maths and sciences. The most disadvantaged pupils continue to be ten times less likely to attend elite universities, and roughly four times less likely to gain a post-graduate degree by their mid-30s.

“The good news is that there are more disadvantaged pupils performing at the expected level today than there were in the 1960s,” explained Dr Lindsey Macmillan, co-author of the study. “But what matters for labour market performance – and therefore social mobility – is how much education a person has compared to the competitors. Our findings indicate that policies focused primarily on reaching average attainment might not be as effective in improving social mobility as we hoped.”

Read the full paper

‘Education and intergenerational mobility: Help or hindrance?’ (PDF) is the latest working paper from the IOE’s Department of Quantitative Social Science. It was presented at a seminar entitled ‘Education Policy, Equity and Social Mobility’ on Thursday, January 23 at the London School of Economics.

Further information

Meghan Rainsberry
m.rainsberry@ioe.ac.uk
0207 612 6530
075 3186 4481

Notes to editors

1. The research is based on analyses of data from the 1958 National Child Development Study, the 1970 British Cohort Study, the British Household Panel Survey, the National Pupil Database, the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
2. This research forms part of the “Social Policy in a Cold Climate” programme of work based at the Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion at the London School of Economics. This work is funded by Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the Nuffield Foundation and Trust for London.
3. The Institute of Education is a college of the University of London that specialises in education and related areas of social science and professional practice. In the most recent Research Assessment Exercise, two-thirds of the Institute’s research activity was judged to be internationally significant and a third judged to be “world leading”. Its performance places it in the top 10 universities nationally for research. In 2013, Ofsted judged the IOE’s Initial Teacher Training provision for primary, secondary and further education to be ‘Outstanding’ across the board. In the latest QS world rankings for Education, the Institute is placed 7th; on the indicators of research quality and impact, it is placed 3rd, alongside Harvard and Stanford. More at www.ioe.ac.uk